Proposed routes of migration carrying JCV genotypes to the New World. It is assumed that the initial dispersal of JCV from Africa coincides with ‘Out of Africa 2’, but JCV phylogeny does not provide any independent estimate of the dates. Dispersal of some genotypes with the earlier ‘Out of Africa 1’ migration is still a theoretical possibility. Later migrations carried distinctive genotypes to island southeast Asia and Oceania. The Americas, however, have the northeast Asian genotype, type 2A. Post-Columbian migrations from Europe (types 1 and 4) and forced migrations from Africa (types 3 and 6) to North and South America complete the picture. It should be noted, however, that no studies of JCV in African populations in Brazil have yet been reported.
Heritage of Japan 
